第二部分??季湫?/span>
Unit 1
一、 There is/are+某物/人+某地/時
該句型為英語中常用句型,意思是“有”,表示“人或事物的存在”或“某地有某物”。
此外該句型還有以下變體。
(1)There is no denying that./ There is no doubt that…,表示“毫無疑問……”。
例如:
There is no doubt that the boy is just the one we are looking for
毫無疑問,這個男孩正是我們要找的那個人。
(2)There is/ was no+名詞+ to do sth./ in doing sth.該變體可以拓展為: There is no point in doing sth.,表示“做某事沒有用”; There is no need to do sth.表示“做某事沒有必要”。
例如:
There is no need to go so early.
何必去那么早
二、感嘆句
感嘆句是表示喜怒哀樂等強烈情感的句子,有多種表現形式,有時一個單詞、短語或一個詞組也可以成為感嘆句。但其主要的表現形式只有兩種,即what和how引導的感嘆句。what修飾名詞(名詞前可加冠詞和形容詞),how修飾形容詞、副詞或動詞。其構成如下
(1)What+a/an+形容詞+名詞單數+主+謂。
例如:
What an interesting film it is!
這是一部多么有趣的電影啊
(2)What+形容詞+名詞復數/不可數名詞+主+謂。
例如:
What lovely students they are!
他們是多么可愛的學生啊
(3)How+形容詞/副詞+主+謂。
例如:
How quickly the boy writes!
這個男孩寫得多快啊!
(4)How+主+謂。
例如:How time flies!時光飛逝!
三、比較級中的特殊句型
(1)比較級+and+比較級或 more and more/ Less and I+原級
該句型表示“越來越……”,常與之搭配的動詞有grow,get,become,turn等。
例如:As the winter is drawing near, it's getting colder and colder.
隨著冬天的臨近,天氣越來越冷了。
(2)the+比較級···;he+比較級···
該句型表示“越……,越……”。
例如:
The more magazines you sell, the more money you will get.
賣的雜志越多,你得到的錢就越多。
(3)the+比較級+ of the two+名詞
該句型表示“兩者中較…的”。
例如:
Jane is the taller of the two children in our family.
簡是我們家兩個孩子中個子較高的一個。
(4)否定+比較級
該句型表示最高級含義。
例如:
No news could be more delightful to me.
這消息最令我高興。
(5)a+比較級+名詞(+than···)
該結構常出現在以 never構成的完成時態的動詞后面
例如:
How beautifully she sings! I have never heard a better voice.
她唱得多好聽啊!我從來沒有聽到過更棒的聲音
四、as+形容詞原級/副詞原級+
該句型表示“和···一樣的…”,它還有以下變體,通常用來表達倍數,表示“…是……的多少倍”。
(1)倍數+as+形容詞原級+as。
例如:
Our factory is twice as big as theirs.
我們的工廠是他們的兩倍。
(2)倍數+形容詞比較級
例如:
The dining hall is three times larger than that one.
這個餐廳比那個餐廳大三倍。
(3) 倍數+the+性質名詞+of.。
例如:
The bridge is two times the length of that one.
這座橋是那的兩倍長。
五、倒裝句
倒裝是一種語法手段,用以強調某一句子成分。在英語中倒裝句有兩種形式,即全部倒裝與部分倒裝。前者指句中整個謂語置于主語前,后者則是只將助動詞(包括情態動詞)移置主語前。
1.全部倒裝
(1) There be句型。該句型中可以替代be的動詞有exist,seem, appear ,live, stand ,rise等。
例如:
There seems to be some misunderstanding about the matter.
這個問題上似乎有些誤會。
(2) 以here, there ,now ,then等副詞開頭的句子。該類倒裝句的謂語動詞通常為be come ,go等表示移動或動態的不及物動詞。但主語為代詞時,不可倒裝。
例如:
There goes the last train.
最后一班火車開走了。
(3) 表示地點的介詞短語或地點副詞away ,down,in,off,out ,over, round ,up等位于句首時,需全部倒裝。
例如:
Com the window came sound of music.
從窗戶里傳來了音樂。
(4) 強調表語或狀語時,為了保持句子平衡,或為了使上下文緊密銜接,需全部倒裝。
例如:
Among these people was his friend Jim.
他的朋友吉姆就在這些人當中。
2.部分倒裝
(1)當never,seldom,rarely, little, hardly,scarcely, nowhere等含有否定意義的副詞或副詞短語位于句首時需部分倒裝。
例如:
Little does she realize how important this meeting is.
她一點也沒意識到這次會議是多么重要
(2) 當“only+副詞“only+介詞短語”或“only+狀語從句位于句首時,需部分倒裝。
例如:
Only when he arrived home did he realize what had happened.
他回到家里時才知道發生了什么。
(3) “so+形容詞/副詞”位于句首時,需部分倒裝。
例如:
So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home.
天氣太冷我們只好待在家里
(4) “ not only+分句, but also+分句”位于句首時,句型中的前一個分句要部分倒裝。
例如:
Not only did he complain about the food, but he refused to pay for it.
他不僅抱怨食物,而且拒絕買單。
(5) 用于“形容詞/名詞/動詞/副詞+ as/though”引導的讓步狀語從句中。
例如:
Child as he is, he has to make a living by himself.
他雖然是孩子,卻不得不獨自謀生。
(6) 省略了的虛擬條件句中,were ,had或sod可提前首引起部分倒裝。
例如:
Should it rain tomorrow, we would put off our meeting.
如果明天下雨,我們就推遲會議。
(7)用于 no sooner…than…, hardly. when…及 not until句型中。
例如:
No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.
我剛到家就開始下雨了。
(8)用于表示祝愿。
例如:
Long live peace!
和平萬歲!
(9)用于以so,nor, neither開頭的句子,表示重復前句部分內容。
例如:
If you don't go, neither shall I.
你不去,我也不去。
六、 Not until+時間狀語/從句+did+主語+其他
本句型主要是為了加強語氣而將主句中的not移至until之前,主句采用倒裝語序。“ It is not until+時間狀語/從句+that+從句”,同樣也表示強調,通常譯為“直到……才……”。
例如:
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
直到孩子入睡后,母親才離開房間
It was not until the next day that I learned the truth.
直到第二天我才明白真相。
七、It is/was+被強調部分+ that/who+剩余部分
該句型為強調句,是人們為了表達自己的意愿或情感而使用的一種形式。一般說來,被強調部分指人時,用who;指物時用that,但that也可以指人。
例如:It was in this room that they had a meeting yesterday.
他們昨天正是在這個房間開會的。
It was Tom that/who gave me a hand when I was in trouble that day.
那天我遇到麻煩的時候,是湯姆幫了我。
八、It's said/ known/ believed/ expected that...
該句型表示“據說/眾所周知/據信/預計······”該句型中it為形式主語,真正的主語為that引導的賓語從句。
例如:
It's said that a person's fate is relevant to his character.
據說一個人的命運和他的性格有關。
It's expected that the war would end soon.
預計戰爭不久即可結束。
9. It' s time( about time/ high time)that...
該句型通常意為“是(正是)···的時候”,that后的從句部分要用虛擬語氣,即“ should+動詞原形”,且 should不可省;或者用動詞的過去式(be用were)。
例如:
It’s time that children should go to bed.
孩子們該上床睡覺了。
I’s time we should set out.
我們該出發了。
十、It is/ was the first time that...
該句型常意為“這是第一次……”,that后的從句部分要用完成時。如果主句為一般現在時,后邊從句用現在完成時;如主句為一般過去時,從句則用過去完成時。該句型中的that可以省略,it有時可用this替換。
例如:
It is the first time that I have been here. =This the first time that I have been here.
這是我第一次來這。
十一、It is+形容詞+o/ for sh, to do sth.
該句型中it為形式主語,不定式部分為真正的主語。of表示品質,for表示對某人而言。常與of搭配的形容詞有brave careless, clever, cruel, foolish, honest, naughty ,nice;常與or搭配的形容詞有 important, necessary, natural, impossible, difficult, dangerous, pleasant .
例如:
It’s kind of you to give me a hand.
你能幫助我真是太好了。
It's important for you to participate in this competition.
參加這次比賽對你來說很重要。
十二、主語+find/ think/ believe+it+形容詞+不定式短語
該句型中it不是形式主語,而是形式賓語,不定式部分為真正的賓語。
例如:
I find it hard to improve my oral English.
我發現提高英語口語很難。
We think it important to be an honest person.
我們認為做一個誠實的人很重要。
十三、It's a pity/shame that...
該句型中,that后的從句一般用虛擬語氣,即 should+動詞原形,其中 should可以省略,表示出乎預料,意為“竟然”。若無此意時,則不需用虛擬語氣。
例如:
It's a pity that such a thing( should) happen in your class.
種事竟然發生在你們班上,真是遺憾。
It’s a shame that I can not attend your birthday party.
我不能參加你的生日聚會真是太遺憾了。
十四、 It doesn’t matter whether/if.
該句型常意為“……無關緊要”,其中 whether/f引導的從句為真正的主語。
例如:
It doesn’t matter whether you come or not.
你來不來都沒關系
It doesn’t matter if they leave now.
他們現在走也沒關系。
十五、獨立主格結構
獨立主格結構由兩部分組成,前一部分是名詞或者代詞,后部分是非謂語動詞(不定式、現在分詞、過去分詞)或形容詞副詞、名詞或介詞短語,前后兩部分在邏輯上具有主謂或動賓關系。此外,獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它本身不是句子,在句子中作狀語,表時間、原因、條件、伴隨、目的及狀態等。
例如:
The meeting being over, all of us went home.
開完會后我們都如果條件有利回家了。(表時間)
The condition being favored , he may succeed .
如果條件有利,他或許能成功。(表條件)
There being no taxi, we had to walk.
沒有出租車,我們只好步行。(表原因)
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head .
他躺在草地上,將兩手交叉枕在腦后。(表伴隨)
十六、謂語動詞+虛擬語氣形式表達
表示要求、建議、命令、假設等動詞后的賓語從句要用虛擬語氣,即賓語從句中的謂語動詞用“should+動詞原形”,其中should可省略。表示要求、建議等的動詞有 advice, ask, beg,
demand, deserve, desire, determine, insist, move, order, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, suppose, urge。
例如:
She suggests that I (should) pay a visit to the castle in Provence .
她建議我去參觀一下普羅旺斯的城堡。
He demanded that we( should) attack at once.
他要求我們立即進攻。
十七、 be doing. when
該句型表示“正在做…突然……”。類似表達還有“be on the point of doing.. when.“be about to do... when .../be on the half way to do...when...”等。
例如:
I was playing computer games when my father came back.
在打游戲的時候我爸爸回來了。
I am about to leave when she arrived.
我正要離開的時候她到了。
十八、名詞性從句
在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句。名詞性從句的功能相當于名詞詞組,它在復合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語等,因此根據它在句中不同的語法功能,名詞性從句又可分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。
1.主語從句
在復合句中充當主語成分的句子叫作主語從句。引導主語從句的連詞主要有從屬連詞(that, whether)、連接代詞(who, whoever, whom, whose, what, whatever, which, whichever),連接副詞(when, where, how, why)
主語從句的時態不受主句時態的影響和克制。
例如:
What caused the accident remains unknown .
造成事故的原因尚不清楚。
That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all
他在這么短的時間里寫完作文使我們大家都很吃驚。
2.賓語從句
在復合句中充當賓語成分的句子叫作賓語從句,其引導詞常為that, if, whether, when等。
(1)當主句是一般現在時,從句根據情況使用任何時態。
例如:
She wants to know if I have finished my homework,
她想知道我是否完成了家庭作業。
Do you know when he will be back?
你知道他什么時候回來嗎?
(2)當主句是一般過去時,從句應使用過去的某種時態。
例如:
He said that she was singing.
他說她在唱歌。
注意:格言和客觀真理需要用一般現在時。
3.表語從句
在復合句中充當表語成分的句子叫作表語從句。連接表語從句的連接詞有that, what, who, when, where, which,why ever, whichever, whatever等。
例如:
His suggestion is that we should stay calm.
他的建議是,我們應該保持冷靜。
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel .
問題是,他什么時候可以到達酒店
4.同位語從句
同位語從句用來對其前面的抽象名詞進行解釋說明,后面可以跟同位語從句的名詞通常news,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,words,possibility,decision等。其引導詞包括that, whether, what, who, when, how, where等。
例如:
The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong .
不經思考就能做好這項工作的想法是完全錯誤。
He must answer the question whether he agrees with it or not .
他必須回答他是否同意這個問題。
注意:定語從句的先行詞是名詞或代詞,同位語從句的先行詞只能是一些抽象名詞,且某些名詞(如 demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等)后面的同位語從句要用虛擬語氣。
例如:
There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.
有人建議把布朗從隊里開除。
十九、定語從句
在復合句中修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫作定語從句。在英語中,該從句可分為限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句定語從句中被修飾的名詞或代詞被稱為先行詞,引導定語從句的關聯詞被稱為關系代詞(that, who, whom, whose)和關系副詞(when, where, why)。關系代詞代替先行詞在從句中作主語、賓語或定語。關系副詞只能在從句中作狀語。其具體用法如下表:
表1 限制性定語從句中的關系代詞
|
作主語 |
作賓語 |
作定語 |
指人 |
that/who |
that/whom |
whose |
指物 |
that/which |
that/which(可省略) |
whose |
指人指物 |
that |
that(可省略) |
whose |
表2 非限制性定語從句中的關系代詞
|
做主語 |
做賓語 |
做定語 |
指人 |
who |
whom |
whose/of whom |
指物 |
which |
which |
whose/of which |
注意:that不用于非限制性定語從句中。
定語從句的構成可以表示為“先行詞(名詞/代詞)+關系代詞/關系副詞+定語從句剩余部分”。
例如:
He is the man who (that) lives next door .
他就是住在隔壁的那個人。
How do you like the photo that( which) I took?
你覺得我拍的照片怎么樣?
Do you still remember the place where we went fishing?
記得我們去釣魚的那個地方嗎?
限制性定語從句中關系代詞用法不同,在不同語境下要掌握關系代詞的用法。
1.that與 which的用法區別
(1)引導非限制性定語從句時,通常要用 which。
例如:
She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise .
她收到老板的邀請,這讓她大吃一驚。
(2)直接放在介詞后作賓語時,通常要用 which。
例如:
The tool with which he is working is called a hammer.
他用的工具叫作錘子。
(3)當先行詞是much, little, none, all, few, every (thing),any(thing),no(thing)等不定代詞或被它們修飾時,通常用that。
例如:
There was little that the enemy could do but surrender.
敵人幾乎無能為力,只能投降。
All/ Everything that can be done must be done.
凡是能做的事都必須做。
(4)當先行詞由the very, the only, the same等修飾時,通常用that。
例如:
This is the only example that I know.
這是我唯一知道的例子。
(5)當先行詞由形容詞最高級或序數詞(包括last, next)等修飾時,通常用that。
例如:
This is the best dictionary that I’ve ever used.
這是我所用過的最好的詞典。
(6)當關系代詞在定語從句中作表語時,通常用that。
例如:
China is not the country(that) It was.
中國已不是過去的中國了。
(7)當先行詞是一個既指人又指物的并列詞組時,通常用that。
例如:
They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them.
他們談論了使他們印象最深的人和事。
(8)當特殊疑問句由who或 which引導時,為避免重復,常用that引導定語從句。
例如:
Which is the course that we are to take?
我們要上哪門課?
2.that與who的用法區別
(1)兩者均可指人。
例如:
All that(who) heard him were delighted.
所有聽了他講話的人都很高興。
(2)當先行詞是一個既指人又指物的并列詞組時,通常要用that引導。
例如:
I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad.
我就我在國外所見到的人和事做了報告。
(3)當先行詞是who時,為避免重復,通常要用that引導。
例如:
Who was it that won the World Cup in1982?
誰贏得了192年的世界杯?
(4)當關系代詞在定語從句中作表語時,通常要用that引導。
例如:
Tom is not the boy that he was.
湯姆這孩子已不是以前那個樣子了。
3.關系副詞的使用
當定語從句句子成分完整時或從句謂語動詞為不及物動詞時用關系副詞作從句的狀語。
(1)when作時間狀語,先行詞常為表示時間的詞,如time, day, week, night, morning, moment, year, period等。
例如:
I’ll never forget the time when we worked together。
我永遠不會忘記我們一起工作的時光。
I will remember the day when we Joined the army.
我會記得我們參軍的那一天。
(2)where作地點狀語,先行詞常為表示地點的詞,如place, street, house, room, city, country, station, village等。
例如:
he hotel where we staved is the best one in this city.
我們住的旅館是這個城市最好的。
We visited the place where Shakespeare was born.
我們參觀了莎士比亞出生的地方。
(3)why作原因狀語,先行詞只能是 reason或 cause。
例如:
He refused to tell us the reason why he did so.
他拒絕告訴我們他為什么這樣做。
The reason why I called you is to invite you to my party.
我打話給你的原因是邀請你參加我的聚會。
注意:關系副詞=介詞+關系代詞,介詞應能與先行詞搭配。
例如:during/on/in/at which where= in/at/on/to which why=for which
二十、狀語從句
狀語從句指句子用作狀語時,起副詞作用的句子。它可以修飾謂語動詞、非謂語動詞、定語、狀語或整個句子。根據其作用可分為時間、地點、原因、條件、目的、結果、讓步、方式和比較狀語從句。狀語從句一般由連詞(從屬連詞)引導,也可以由詞組引導。狀語從句位于句首或句中時通常用逗號與主句隔開位于句尾時可以不用逗號隔開。
1.時間狀語從句
時間狀語從句的常用引導詞有when, as, while, as soon as,before, after, since,not...until;特殊引導詞有 the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day, the instant, immediately ,directly ,no sooner...than ,hardly...when, scarcely...when。當用no sooner...than, hardly...when, scarcely...when作為引導詞時從句要部分倒裝。
例如:
I didn't realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.
直到我長大成人,我才意識到母親的特殊性。
Hardly had he seen me when he ran away.
他一看見我就跑了。
2.地點狀語從句
地點狀語從句的常用引導詞有 where;特殊引導詞有wherever, anywhere, everywhere。
例如:
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.
有雨水的地方,耕作是困難的或不可能的。
You should have put the book where you found it.
你應該把書放在你發現它的地方。
3.原因狀語從句
原因狀語從句的常用引導詞有 because, since, as;特殊引導詞有seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that 。
例如:
Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference.
既然每個人都到了,讓我們開始我們的會議吧。
The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
征收更高的個人所得稅是有害的因為它或許會阻礙人們努力賺錢。
4.條件狀語從句
條件狀語從句的常用引導詞有if, unless, whether( whether... or not);特殊引導詞有 as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, on condition that。
例如:
You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.
只要你不斷努力,你一定會成功的。
Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.
如果沒有人反對,我們就在這里開會
5.目的狀語從句
目的狀語從句的常用引導詞有 so that, in order that;特殊引導詞有lest,in case, for fear that, in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that。
例如:
The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.
老板要求秘書快點寫函件以便他能在上面簽字。
The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.
為了讓后面的學生聽得更清楚,老師有意地提高了他的聲音。
6.讓步狀語從句
讓步狀語從句的常用引導詞有 though, although, even if, even though;特殊引導詞有as, no matter..., in spite of the fact that, whatever. whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever.
例如:
Much as I respect him, I can' t agree to his proposal.
盡管我很尊敬他,但是我卻不同意他的建議。
No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
無論他怎樣努力,她都不會改變主意。
Even though there are myriad hardships and hazards ,they can’t stop the dauntless explores.
縱有千難萬險,也擋不住英勇的探險隊員。
7.比較狀語從句
比較狀語從句的常用引導詞有as, than;特殊引導詞有the e more st as A is to B what/as X is to Y;no...more than; not so much A as B。
例如:
She is as bad- tempered as her mother.
她和她媽媽一樣脾氣很壞。
Food is to men what oil is to machine.
食物之于人,猶如油之機器
8.方式狀語從句
方式狀語從句的常用引導詞有as,as if,how。特殊引導詞有the way 。
例如:
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
入鄉隨俗
She behaved as if she were the boss.
她表現得好像她是老板似的。
9.結果狀語從句
結果狀語從句的常用引導詞有so...that, such...that;特殊引導詞有 such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a hat。
例如:
He worried so that he couldn't sleep.
他急得睡不著。
It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.
這是一個好機會,千萬不能錯過它。
Unit 2
一、購物(shopping)
店員:
What can I do for you?/ Can I help you?
您需要些什么?
Do you find anything like?
您有找到喜歡的嗎?
How about this one?
這個怎么樣您的尺碼是多少?
It fits you well.
它很適合您。
顧客:
I want to buy...
我想要買... ...
Do you have any on sale?
你們有什么特賣品嗎?
Can you show me...?
你能把……讓我看一下嗎?
I like this one . Can I try it on?
我喜歡這個,我可以試穿下嗎?
How much is it ?
多少錢?
I'll take it.
我要了。
二、看病(seeing a doctor)
醫生:
What' wrong with you?/What' s the matter?
你哪里不舒服?
How long have you been like this?
你這樣多久了?
Let me look you over carefully.
讓我仔細檢查一下。
let' s take your blood pressure and temperature.
量一下血壓和體溫
Have a good rest and take the medicine three times a day.
好好休息,藥一天吃三次。
Are you feeling better now?
你現在感覺好點了嗎?
病人:
I feel sick and I have a headache.
我感覺惡心,還有點頭痛。
Is there anything wrong with me?
我身體有什么問題嗎?
How soon can I be all right again?
我多久才會好?
三、打電話( calling)
打電話者:
Hello, this is XXX speaking, may I speak to XXX?
您好,我是XXX,我可以和XXX通話嗎?
Can you connect me with Jack?
我能和杰克通話嗎?
When will he come back?
他什么時候回來
Please ask him/ her to call me back.
請讓他/她給我回電話
I' m calling you to ask if you are busy tonight.
我打電話來是想問一下你今晚有空嗎?
接電話者:
Yes , this is XXX speaking
我是XXX,請講。
Sorry,he/ she is not in. Can I take a message?
不好意思,他/她不在。您要留口信嗎?
I’m sorry but he' s in Shanghai on business.
很抱歉,他去上海出差了
Is there anything I can do for you?
還有什么我可以幫忙的嗎?
Thank you for calling.
謝謝你打電話來。
四、問路( asking the directions)
問路者:
Excuse me, would you please tell me the way to.?
打擾了你能告訴我怎么去
Can you tell me where…is?
你能告訴我……在哪里嗎?
Sorry to bother/trouble you, but can you direct me to...?
打擾了,你能告訴我怎么去……嗎?
Excuse me, how can I get to...?
打擾了,能告訴我怎么去……嗎?
被問路者:
You can take a No. 24 bus here and then transfer to a No. 53 bus to get there.
您可以在此乘坐24路公交車,然后換乘53路公交車到那里。
Go along this street and turn left at the first crossing, then you an see the hospital.
沿著這條街往前走,在第一個十字路口向左拐,然后你就可以看到醫院。
Sorry, I' m new here.